Abortion And Its Effects On The United States Essay

In the United States â€Å"1.7% of women aged 15–44 have an abortion† (â€Å"Induced Abortion in the United States†). Twenty-one percent of all pregnancies end in abortion (â€Å"Induced Abortion in the United States†). Women most commonly have abortions before the end of her first trimester, twelve weeks into the pregnancy, however, abortions may also be performed after the first trimester. Abortions are quite common, but they also lead to numerous issues for the parents such as regret, depression, drug abuse and even suicide. The parent’s choice of abortion has lasting physical and psychological effects on the parents of the aborted child, even years after the abortion process. The abortion process has changed in numerous ways during the last two centuries. Abortion was once illegal, then it changed to be legal. Throughout the process of legalization, it changed in many ways. In 1821, the state of Connecticut passed a law that banned the use of a liquid, after the fourth month that would induce a miscarriage of the child (â€Å"Timeline of Abortion Laws and Events†). The liquid had been used for several years simply to terminate the baby, without causing much pain to the mother. Later on in the 19th century, supplementary efforts were taken to prevent women from being able to abort their child. By the year of 1856, groups of pro-life supporters gathered together with the leader Dr. Horatio Storer, a pro-life supporter, to establish a â€Å"national drive† to prevent women from abortion (â€Å"TimelineShow MoreRelatedThe Abortion And Its Effects On The United States1485 Words   |  6 Pages Since 1973, a total of 57,496,011 abortions have be en reported to the Centers of Disease Control and that number keeps rising. This does not include the self-induced abortions or the abortions your body causes, also known as miscarriage. There are so many different procedures throughout the years. In the early years, many women did not seek help from licensed medical assistance. They attempted removal of the fetus with a coat-hanger also piercing of the fetus with a knitting needle, crochet hookRead MoreAbortion And Its Effects On The United States Of America981 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Abortion in United States of America is still one of the controversial issues and it is difficult to address even through the presidential campaign. Abortion was allowed almost in thirty states and legal only in special circumstances like pregnancies resulting from rape or incest in twenty states. Due to restriction laws unsafe abortion which is preventable, it still one of important causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Abortion defined as termination of a human pregnancy, mostRead MoreEssay about Abortion Is Murder1200 Words   |  5 Pages Since 1973, when it became legalized, abortion has been of the most controversial ethical issues in America. In the court case of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court came to the conclusion that women have the right to privacy which includes the right to having an abortion. This ruling has caused many controversies and millions of people throughout America protest against abortion every year. Abortion is an operation of other intervention to end a pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus from the wombRead MoreThe Effects Of Texas Abortion On Women Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Texas Abortion Restrictions on Women Abortion is a controversial debate in the United States that divides the nation and still plays a significant role at election time. The Democratic Party supports abortion rights and keeping elective abortions legal because they believe in the privacy and equality of women. They believe that a woman must have the right to choose regardless of her ability to pay. â€Å"The Democratic Party strongly and unequivocally supports Roe v. Wade.†1 For exampleRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal Or Illegal?939 Words   |  4 Pagesmore heated issues is abortion. Abortion has been around at almost every point in American history. Consequently, since the Supreme Court decision of Roe v. Wade there have been approximately 57,762,169 abortions in America (â€Å"Are You†). This raises the question of should abortion be legal or illegal, and is this immoral or moral to do? The decision to have an abortion can be a difficult time in a woman’s life, but is not a moral way to end a p regnancy. Abortion in the United States should be illegalRead MoreThe Effect Of Decaying Morality On Society934 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of Decaying Morality on Society The ability to distinguish between actions that are right or wrong, is an innate characteristic designed into every person. There are many scientific theories that attempt to explain how individuals acquire morality. Psychologist say that morality is a learned behavior, and others contribute human morality to a view of fairness, or unfairness. My point is, I believe that morality is declining in our society, and its decline has a negative effect on societyRead MoreLimitations Of Women s Rights1082 Words   |  5 PagesLimitations on Women’s Rights in the United States Pregnancy termination is a controversial and sensitive subject that has sparked many debates in the past five decades. It is a two-sided issue between life and death of the unborn child. Planned Parenthood (2017) reports that 30 percent of women in the United States terminate a pregnancy before reaching 45 years of age. Abortion has been legal in the United States since Roe V. Wade; a 1973 landmark decision held that the Fourteenth Amendment’s rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Pregnancy Termination1215 Words   |  5 Pagesthirty percent of women in the United States terminate a pregnancy before reaching forty-five years of age. Abortion has been legal in the United States since Roe v. Wade, a 1973 landmark decision held that the Fourteenth Amendment’s right of personal privacy covered the woman’s choice to carry a child or not. Republican Administrations such as those of Former Presidents’ Ronald Raegan and George W. Bush have been tough on abortion rights and sparked anti-abortion movements (Joffe 2013). With a newRead MoreThe Feeling Of Women Who Decide Abortion Or Adoption1024 Words   |  5 PagesMarissa F. Lutz Mrs. Ross ELA1 November 23, 2015 The Feeling of Women Who Decide Abortion or Adoption For the women who have already made the decision between adoption and abortion have taken a survey, and some believe that they made the best decision they could for the child because they weren’t ready mentally or financially to take care of a child. Statistically most unplanned pregnancies are in teens and college students and they feel that they won’t be able to pursue the same goalsRead MoreAbortion: Making a Case Against It Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is wrong because it is the killing of an innocent baby. Many people today think that there is nothing wrong with having an abortion. But not only is it killing a baby, it can also cause long term effects on the person getting the abortion. Some people can bleed to death while others may have fertility issues afterwards. This paper will state exactly what abortion is, statistics on abortion, the Church and cultural views of having an abortion, and other options than having an abortion such

Song For A Dark Girl By Langston Hughes - 1577 Words

In this day and age it seems like hate groups are becoming more popular, which makes it well a talked about subject. But, it never got in to details about the reason hate groups were even created and why. In addition to getting more in depth with psychological part of an individual. In addition to why we are waiting until now to deal with the issue of hate groups and hate crimes in a more vigorous manner. With Recommendations that are provided for government officials to protect freedom while improving governmental awareness. Therefore, ensuring that the principles are supported over prejudice. Langston Hughes, â€Å"Song for a Dark Girl,† is a piece of literature is about an African American girl who finds her lovers body lynched in a tree. This poem expresses an experience that in that era was unfortunately very common. Langston Hughes was an African American poet who was considered the leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Many black artists were settling to Harlem during this time, seeking freedom from the cruelty of life in the south. In Harlem, artists were encouraged to freely express their experiences through their talents. Their works helped to promote racial pride and helped civil rights for African Americans. â€Å"Song for a Dark Girl† was written by Langston Hughes in 1927. The title is very explanatory in what this piece is about. This piece is a song about an African American girl who found her lover’s body lynched in a tree. This poem expresses an experience thatShow MoreRelatedReoccurring Themes in the Work of Langston Hughes Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes is an extremely successful and well known black writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). He is recognized for his poetry and like many other writers from the Harlem Renaissance, lived most of his life outside of Harlem (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). His personal experiences and opinions inspire his writin g intricately. Unlike other writers of his time, Hughes expresses his discontent with black oppression and focuses on the hardships of his people. Hughes’Read MoreSummary Of Mark Of Oppression 968 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough innumerable numbers of African Americans try to overcome their struggles, according to Perceptions of and Preferences for Skin Color, Black Racial Identity, and Self- esteem Among African Americans, while multitudinous dark-complexioned African Americans view their skin color proudly, others are ambivalent and view their blackness as a â€Å"mark of oppression† (Kardiner Ovesey, 1951). This â€Å"mark of oppression† has come from the way African-Americans have been treated as a whole and throughoutRead MoreLangston Hughes : Jazz Poetry And Harlem Renaissance1212 Words   |  5 PagesLangston Hughes Jazz Poetry and Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes was an African American poet who was born on 01 February 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents separated and later divorced during his childhood. Subsequently he was raised predominantly by his maternal grandmother. His grandparents were politically active and supporters of the abolition of slavery. They were activists in the movement for voting rights for African Americans. Through their active involvement in his upbringingRead MoreHarlem : A Middle Class White Community999 Words   |  4 Pagesvoices, writers, artists, musicians, scholars and poets who wrote with African-American rhythms broke out all over. And of this remarkable creative outburst, arose the voice of the poet, Langston Hughes. Born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1902 to a mixed-race parents, who divorced at an early stage of marriage, Langston Hughes grew up around the suburbs of Kansas then began to write poetry in high school. His father wanted him to be a mining engineer so he attended Columbia University however, he dropped outRead MoreIs Affirmative Action Fair?1067 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual’s preference as well as their outcome. Although many African Americans try to overcome their struggles, according to Perceptions of and Preferences for Skin Color, Black Racial Identity, and Self- esteem Among African Americans, while many dark-complexioned African Americans view their skin color proudly, others are ambivalent and view their blackness as a â€Å"mark of oppression† (Kardiner Ovesey, 1951). This â€Å"mark of oppression† has come from the way African-Americans have been treated asRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poetry977 Words   |  4 PagesLangston Hughes is widely r enowned for his ability to represent the struggle of the African American community through his poetry during the time period around the Harlem Renaissance. As a world traveler and successful African American man, he was able to use his fame to enlighten the world, namely the white population, on the inequality and abuse of African American population in the United States. Despite his own battle with unhappiness and inequality (Royster, 344), Hughes was able to captureRead MoreSince Hip-Hop emerged from the South Bronx in the 1970s, it has become an international,1700 Words   |  7 Pagesconvey a concept. Songs, which unless acapella are a blend of music and lyrics, can be rhymed or unrhymed, and may not take any real memo other than a single word used to create a tone or mood (Smiley, 1). Poems, on the other hand, require the words alone to stir emotions, create images, make links, and a poet cannot rely on someone reading their work a certain way, or to a specific musical enviro nment. In the song written by Drake, â€Å"We’ll Be Fine,† and poem written by Langston Hughes â€Å"Life is Fine,†Read MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : An African American Intellectual And Artistic Movement1329 Words   |  6 Pagesjazz and blues genres (Wintz). Out of this milieu came many notable names, but one of the most famous and prolific writers was Langston Hughes, whose works were suffused with a combination of blues-inspired rhythms with African-American speech and recurring themes of hope, violence, the struggle for freedom, and racial identity. Various literary critics have pointed to Hughes’ incorporation of blues and jazz rhythms in his poems. He spoke of the importance of African-American forms of music to his people’sRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance: Creation of a New Nation Essays1535 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage depending on how many generations it was used for. The Harlem pidgin language became known across the United States. This pidgin was used in the music of Harlem, as musicians changed the syntax of sentences to make them fit into their blues songs.5 This pidgin language is also seen in many novels. In Wallace Thurman’s Fire, Cordelia speaks in the pidgin of Harlem. â€Å"Cordelia soon remarked that I was different from mos’ of des’ sheiks,†6 is an example of this pidgin language. The Harlem RenaissanceRead MoreAfrican American Identity2425 Words   |  10 Pagesthat’s when the Harlem Renaissance was created. The supporters and activists of the Harlem Renaissan ce did not attempt to overthrow the system, but they were protesting through art for a change. The main concentration of that period was hope, embracing dark skin, rejecting oppression, and demanding social and political equality. (Afro-Americans in New York Life and History) Harlem, also known as the â€Å"race capital†, was the home of African American writers, poets, dancers, speakers, advocates, and performers;

Gender and Social Construction Theory †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Gender and Social Construction Theory. Answer: Introduction: Gender and sex has been the topic of discussion for a long time. Universally there were two sexes that had been recognised: male and female. With modernisation of thoughts and knowledge a third gender has also been recognised by many governments and institutions as well. The usage of the terms sex and gender as synonymous is an old concept. Both the terms have two very different meanings and outlook. Sex is the physical or biological differences in human beings that differentiate between a man and women, whereas gender is the traits a person grows which are associated with masculine and famine behaviour that has been regarded by the society and the culture. There has been several scholars and sociologist discussing about sex and gender. Over the years and in many parts of the world even today women are regarded as the lesser of the two genders. In large modern corporate also there are incidents of sexual discrimination and violation of womens rights etc. Women for over the years seek equality a perspective that will ensure that what a women and a man can do in their lives are equally significant for the growth and development of the society. The period in which this book was written by Simone de Beauvoir was a time when not even 1% of women got the due recognition of equality. For example: education for the longest time in history was the right of only men hence working in an organisation to earn livelihood was the task that was associated with men. The title of the book the second sex is appropriate as it talks about the women in that era. Women were regarded as the second sex (Shepherd 2015). Feminism is a term that is used very loosely these days in order to describe the contribution and the position of women in the society. The second sex by Simone de Beauvoir is known as one of the first and revolutionary literary work surrounding the term feminism. In the book De Beauvoir discusses about how the male sex is given significance whereas the women are regarded as the other. A man occupies the role of the subject in a situation and in the society while a woman has the object. The quote, one is not born, but rather becomes a woman, from Simone de Beauvoirs magnum opus The Second Sex proposed an avant-garde view of sex and gender and their difference. It defined sex as physical features and gender as merely a societal construction, this being at the time a revolutionary view. This reduction of gender to social norm implied that the contemporary treatment of women was unfair; an arbitrary reduction of women to secondary humans. Furthermore, de Beauvoirs believed the female di scourse had been bothered by the male one. That a female should be able to control how she views her gender and have freedom in sexual matters, such as abortion, had implications that became massively influential in second wave feminism (Simon 2017). When a child is born with female physical and biological traits she is brought up by the parents and the society in a way that she develops characteristics of a woman. No one is born in a certain way culture, society and family has a great influence on the behaviour of a person. A person after growing up develops traits which he or she may not have while they were a child. One is not born, but rather becomes a woman, is a commentary on the similarities and differences between gender and sex. It rejected earlier Differentialist feminist views, which held that women and men were inherently different, but both equally valuable; the man served as the bread winner and the women bore children. In this stereotype, women were seen to be passive and inferior (Simon 2017). De Beauvoir rather espouses existentialistically inspired egalitarian feminism, stating that a womans sex does not define her position as a woman. To de Beauvoir sex is ones natural organs and appearance, it is fixed and not what gender is based on, for example, one can be a man and a eunuch. Fundamentally if a woman was taught to behave in a male manner from birth she would be a man depending on the characteristics that he is thought to practice by the society and the culture which are associated with masculinity. Gender, rather, is the social construct which is commonly based off sex; women are formed by society to be passive, of inferior wit and secondary to man, but not born this way. Equally and inversely men were historically viewed as possessing the qualities of action, command, intelligence and superiority, but merely learned their powers rather than inherently possessing them. This egalitarian view is supported by experiments showing that adults will treat babies that have been named male and female differently thereby fostering a social role by giving them different toys, calling the little girls cute and being harsher on the boys. The primary focus of The Second Sex is an examination of the implications of this gender-sex divide. De Beauvoir finds that the female social role has been made other to that of the man. The male is positioned as the subject, who then proceeds to define himself in reference to what he is not, namely a woman who is now the other and opposite, thereby possessing opposing qualities. This othering of women is a mechanism in which women are historically restricted to what de Beauvoir calls immanence, the realm of the interior and inferior, defined by passiveness and lack of action. This was opposed to transcendence which is traditionally male and consists of the active, creative, productive and powerful (Giddens et al. 2016). One of the direct and plausible explanations to the statement, One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman, is that a person who is born with the traits of a woman physically slowly develops mental traits and characteristics in the due course of life. But his explanation is vague as an infant has clear differences in the sex. In his case the concept of womanhood is segregated in two folds either as a nonfigurative concept here an individual feels and behaves like a woman (Simon 2017). The second fold is of a category in the societal tier, though the two are closely related. One question that crops up in reference to the statement is that if a person who is born with famine physical and biological traits what was the stage a person was before being women? Dose a man also has to become a man in the course of life? The statement follows that there are prerequisites of being a women and if those criterion are met only then a person can be called a women. In this interpretation the question that arises is that what are these prerequisites? Who decides these are the points that define being women? Are these associated with physical and biological development or is it based on the cognitive growth of a person? What is the point of difference in a person that makes her a woman and the other person not a woman? The concept of a clean slate is very common among the perspectives of existentialism, the idea of an individual born with no fixed distinction of any gender or sex. For example Sartre explains that the idea that people are free to create themselves is a core concept in the philosophies of other existentialists as well. An individual can only decide what they truly want to become when their minds are not blocked with predetermined concepts (Haslanger 2017). In discussing this statement the concept to of how social constructions of male or female identities are determined should be understood. To become a woman or to develop the characteristics of a woman there are some set guidelines. The present concept or understanding of gender as a category of historical analysis is generated from the twentieth -century feminist political mobilization that took place in Europe and the United States. This phenomenon led to the improvement of the field of women's history both as a product and practice. Society is formed and is not a natural phenomenon and anything that has been invented by the society is called social construction (Dragonas et al. 2015). The cultural exercise and rules that human beings follow give rise to the being of social constructs and govern the practices, customs, and rules concerning the way human beings perceive these ideas. In the case of gender identities sex of a child is assigned and then the task begins to socialize this baby and teach them the prerequisite that are associated with the gender be it man or woman. People act their role in the society with great distinction and certificates. A women according to the society should be graceful, poised, delicate, physically weak and hence do domestic work, giving birth to a child is the prime idea and motive behind the existence of a woman and hence she has to be ready for it by exhibiting motherly expression of patience, love and endurance. Social etiquettes of men and women are also different the way a w oman should talk; sit and dress are also decided by the society with. A woman has to be looked after by a man and hence a father and then a husband are imperative in the life of woman of stature (Haslanger 2017). As a woman is considered a gender that demands that care and protection as there are certain incapability associated with the gender such as earning of livelihood etc. The existence of a woman is dependent on the father as even a woman takes the name of the man she is married to. An individual is also taught which emotions they are supposed to display in certain situations. There are activities as well which are segregated by the gender an individual is supposed to enjoy and excel the activities which they are associated with in the view of the society. Hobbies and body language is also taught by the society to a child from the day he or she is born. To become a woman a person has to personify these qualities. The concept of social construction explain that the statement by One is not born, but rather becomes a woman", Simon de Beauvior is relevant and true (Germain 2013). A woman has been described as a personification of beauty and grace by many literary scholars. Some describes women as muse, some as the inertia of universe. The role of a woman has seen a great change from the time Simon de Beauvior published her work. The quote from her book certainly calls attention to the way women are treated differently in society as well as the impact this discrimination has on the an individual be it a man or a woman. Free to choose the sexuality and gender has been the topic of discussion and debate all over the world and that is a complete different idea. Women are now more independent they have the liberty to choose the role that they want to play in the society. Slowly the society is driven towards progression where women no longer need the help of a man to survive in the world. Education has evolved and no discrimination of gender is entertained. Cultures around the world has adopted and acknowledged the power of a woman. The pressure to abide by the soc ietal norms and conditions are slowly being lifted by the people due to a greater understanding and knowledge about the potential of a human being. A child has an innocent mind that is open to all understanding and knowledge. A child with female biological traits may develop male characteristics dose that make her less of a woman? It is not justified to define a gender and to set it with boundaries, human minds are the most extraordinary natural creation with each different form another in that case categorising of the population in three gender is unfair. Reference list: Dragonas, T., Gergen, K.J., McNamee, S. and Tseliou, E., 2015. Education as social construction: Contributions to theory, research and practice. Germain, R., 2013. Reading The Second Sex in 1950s America.The Historical Journal,56(4), pp.1041-1062. Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R.P. and Carr, D.S., 2016.Introduction to sociology. WW Norton. Haslanger, S., 2017. Gender and Social Construction.Applied Ethics: A Multicultural Approach, p.299. Shepherd, A., 2015.De Beauvoir and'The Second Sex': a Marxist interpretation(Doctoral dissertation, University of Hull). Simon, W., 2017.Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Routledge.

Thomas Paine Common Sense Essay Example

Thomas Paine Common Sense Essay Christian Arnold November 28, 2010 Thomas Paine At the beginning of 1776, Thomas pain was a novelist who came to America on Ben Franklin’s request. He was famous for writing the book â€Å"Common sense† which was basically about expressing current idea to capture the attention of the public. Pain was also very skilled in style more than thoughts. He spent most of his early life in England experiencing personal failures and experiments. The connection between religion and government was simple. Thomas Paine attacked all forms of religion meaning he didn’t have a specific religion he worshiped so that means he wasn’t Christian, he was more towards a atheist. At that time he felt England’s government was very unconstitutional, meaning basically the people had no rights. So he made concepts relating to government easy for people to understand . Paine’s view of religion was also very plain he had no real religion to fall back on. Basically whatever was in at that time he went on and went with. He did this in order to reach the colonist who didn’t have an idea of what he was talking about. Paine was successful in expressing current Ideas that caught the publics attention. Thomas pains view of equality related to America against Britain was the division from England when America and France entered the political scene which unrepairably should’ve declare their independence, this called colonist to unite with him for the fight for their independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Paine Common Sense specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Paine Common Sense specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Paine Common Sense specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The king had proclaimed the colonists to be rebels, rejected their petitions with disdain, and was preparing to send a crushing force hither, men in every station in life began to speak out boldly in favor of independence. Because, after the major defeat in the first battle he wrote the first â€Å"American Crisis† paper, which was so persuasive that Washington did not hesitate to order a reading to the troops. â€Å"Independence is now the only bond that will keep us together. We shall then see one object, and our ears will be legally shut against the schemes of an intriguing, as well as cruel, enemy. We shall then, too, be on a proper footing to treat with Great Britain; for there is reason to conclude that the pride of that court will be less hurt by treating with the American States for terms of peace, than with those whom she denominates rebellious subjects for terms of accommodation†, stated Pain. Thomas Pain was an excellent role model for early American history, his achievements are noted throughout history as you can see. Thomas Pain was at times a complete jerk and had no regard for the human race but on the other hand he made life easier for people to understand by creating this famous book â€Å"Common Sense†. As an American citizen I am really thankful that Ben Franklin talked him into coming over to the United States to help us out.

Extreme Shyness essays

Extreme Shyness essays Half the population in America would consider themselves shy if they were asked. They would say they get nervous when making a speech in front of an audience, or when performing in the premiere of a play. This is normal behavior for most people, but for more than five million people, this is more then just the character trait of shyness, it is a disorder (Kalb, 2003). It can interfere in a persons family life, friendship relationship, and even get them fired from their job. This disorder is called social anxiety disorder or social phobia. Social anxiety disorder is defined as the fear of actions that could result in criticism. To keep social anxiety disorder from destroy someones life, one must look at the disorder in the following ways: the symptoms and behavior patterns of the disorder, the types and diagnosis of the disorder, and the treatments that are currently available (Beyond, 2003). Social anxiety disorder has many symptoms that can help a person identify whether or not they have the disorder or not. These symptoms occur in two types of ways, either physically or mentally. The many physical symptoms of social anxiety disorder are like those of any other type of anxiety disorder. These symptoms include increased heart rate, difficulties breathing, extreme sweating, tense muscles, stomach problems, and trembling. A very common symptom that occurs in most holders of social anxiety disorder though is the tendency to blush. These physical symptoms suggest that a person has an anxiety disorder, but will not specifically suggest that they have social anxiety disorder. The mental symptoms though can distinguish whether or not a person has social anxiety disorder. The typical mental symptoms are that the person has an excessive fear of being criticized. They also feel embarrassed, ashamed, and humiliated when they even think about interactions with other ...

Difference Between Atomic Mass and Mass Number

Difference Between Atomic Mass and Mass Number There is a difference between the meanings of the chemistry terms  atomic mass and mass number. One is the average weight of an element and the other is the total number of nucleons in the atoms nucleus. Atomic mass is also known as atomic weight. Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of an atom of an element based on the relative natural abundance of that elements isotopes.The mass number is a count of the total number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus. Key Takeaways: Atomic Mass Versus Mass Number The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. It is a whole number.The atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons for all natural isotopes of an element. It is a decimal number.Atomic mass value sometimes change over time in publications as scientists revise the natural isotope abundance of elements. Atomic Mass and Mass Number Example Hydrogen has three natural isotopes: 1H, 2H, and 3H. Each isotope has a different mass number. 1H has 1 proton. Its mass number is 1. 2H has 1 proton and 1 neutron. Its mass number is 2. 3H has 1 proton and 2 neutrons. Its mass number is 3. 99.98% of all hydrogen is 1H 0.018% of all hydrogen is 2H 0.002% of all hydrogen is 3H Together, they give a value of atomic mass of hydrogen equal to 1.0079 g/mol. Atomic Number and Mass Number Be careful you dont confuse atomic number and mass number. While the mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom, the atomic number is only the number of protons. The atomic number is the value found associated with an element on the periodic table because it is the key to the elements identity. The only time the atomic number and mass number are the same is when you are dealing with the protium isotope of hydrogen, which consists of a single proton. When considering elements in general, remember the atomic number never changes, but because there may be multiple isotopes, the mass number may change.

Asia In The World Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Asia In The World Economy - Research Paper Example During the late 2008, Yen began to appreciate sharply against dollar and was valued at 86.15 yen in 2009. At the end of 2010, the yen was rated at 88.66 yen. (Source: World Data Bank) The real effective exchange rate as seen from the graph has remained volatile between 1980s and 1990s. During the era of 2000 and forward, the value of yen has declined. It has been going down from the price of 120 dropping to 80. After the financial crisis of 2007-2008, the yen is seen to gain value and is rising till date. Japan’s real exchange rate has appreciated over the years due to the rapid increase in the high-productive manufacturing sector. Trends in Japanese Exports – in terms of value and composition (Source: World Data Bank) The exports in terms of value are an important element in the present Japanese economic adjustment. The structure of exports as well as imports has changed considerably over the years. The above graph shows the trends in exports value since 1980 till date . There has been a constant growth in exports since 1980s till 2000 with minor fluctuations in between. These exports can be attributed to the increase in IT-related goods, consumer goods and US been the largest trading partner. (Source: Statistical Handbook of Japan, 2010) According to the composition of exports, the leading export commodity was transport equipment which is 22% of the total exported value. It is followed by electrical machinery constituting 20% and general machinery 17.8% of total value exported. Another interesting characteristic of Japanese export is the increased proportion of high-value added products such as integrated circuits and steel which are increasing in total Japanese exports. Relationship between exchange rate (nominal and real) and exports The changes in trade surplus, given by the difference in value of exports and imports, are influenced by price changes. Appreciating yen will lower the price of imports relative to exports causing the trade balance to be higher. Given this condition, during 1990s the yen appreciated 20% causing more imports and fewer exports. This affected the competitive price position of Japanese exports in foreign markets. The Japanese trade and exchange rate are very closely related. The real exchange rate of yen is highly positively correlated to Japanese trade and specifically exports price relative to import prices. For instance, between 1990 and 1995, the yen appreciated by 40% against dollars. If the prices of yen and dollar would have remained the same, Japanese products would have been 40% more expensive in comparison to US goods. The government intervention to cut down yen export prices and shifting to manufacturing high-value goods helped the growth of Japanese exports during the 1990s. The export volume grew annually at a rate of 5% through 1990 and 1995. The Japanese exports took a downfall in late 1990s owing to the drop in sales in the European market which is large enough to drop the Japanes e exports by 10%. In 2003, when the nominal yen/dollar exchange rate was at 120, the exports rose rapidly which again declined in 2007-2008 because of the financial crisis which cause the appreciation of yen below 90 to dollar. This caused the Japanese exports to fall drastically. Impact of the Plaza Accord In 1985, the G-5 nations including Japan forced United States to devalue dollar because of the current account deficit. The G-5 nations were

Data mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data mining - Essay Example t generally apply: every application must deliver benefits to the users; users must feel comfortable with the way in which the system manipulates and presents information. Data mining is based on statistical analysis and modeling techniques, Data mining becomes a strategic weapon of organizations because it increases significantly the volume of information that can be stored and the ease with which it can be updated. This enables new services to be provided in a way that was not economically feasible before. The three main steps in data mining are discovering, predicting modeling and forensic analysis. â€Å"Discovery is the process of looking in a database to find hidden patterns without a predetermined idea or hypothesis about what the patterns may be† (Pushpa 2007, p.1). Discovery consists of three subcategories: conditional logic, affinities and associations, trends and associations. â€Å"In predictive modeling patterns discovered from the database are used to predict the future.† (Pushpa 2007, p. 2). Predicting modeling involves outcomes prediction and forecasting. Most of the data mining applications used by an organization consist of simply taking information in one form, performing some very simpl e transformations to that information (rarely more than aggregation and the usual arithmetical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and then presenting the processed information in another form. Thus, forensic analysis allows both deviation detection and link analysis. It is defined as: †the process of applying the extracted patterns to find anomalous or unusual data elements† (Pushpa 2007, p.2).The underlying architecture of data warehousing that an organization needs to best perform these tasks is obvious. There must be some form of flexible, central data store containing all the information and data that are going to be manipulated, fed by a variety of information-gathering processes. The main data mining techniques are

Persuasive paper Essay Example for Free

Persuasive paper Essay Is it right to die? I would state the question in another format, is there a right to die? It is the most difficult question to receive an answer as we focus on people suffering from different conditions, be it psychological, physical or emotional, that beyond doubt, have led to terminal illness. I cannot give a straight yes or a straight no. The debate has been so hot in several nations. Several stakeholders are considering going the Oregon way. The whole debate focuses on suicide. By way of philosophy and other disciplines of ethics, it is very difficult to judge whether suicide is wrong or right. It has hitherto paused hard questions that get diverse responds from different persons. These persons can be philosophers from different eras, different geographical regions, and customs. It is further mesmerizing that those of the same times, similar traditions, and even same places arrive at different answers as pertains this very subject. If euthanasia was to be made legal, there are no criteria that can be used to determine the very genuine cases. Those people who proposes this action, as they define the rights of a person focuses narrowly on the normal cases only; an adult person, who is in his or her right mind, acting in their own volition, putting in consideration his or her own possessions or those entrusted to this person. I would therefore question the basis for determining the abnormal circumstances, and the limits that are sensible in today’s cultural situation. In this, we think of the slippery slope concern, soon many cases will transit to explicit murder. We will not have guarantee for people who instigate murder and claim that the people they killed were more than willing to die. The people that will fall as victims of this murder are the disable, disadvantaged, or those considered to be â€Å"undesirable† in the society – those who are a burden to their caregivers or even the state, which should be obliged to giving indiscriminate care to all groups of people. Goldberg (n. d), states that, â€Å"Thus, many U. S. ommentators fear that, if assisted suicide and euthanasia were legalized, death would be inflicted unwillingly on disabled, disadvantaged, or otherwise undesirable individuals who might be considered a burden by their caregivers or the state† (Goldberg, n. d). He continues to say that â€Å"Biased physicians, family members, or managed care organizations might consciously or subconsciously influence difficult or expensive patients to take advantage of assisted suicide† (Goldberg, n. d). It is also clear that no human endeavour is immune of abuse. This will make the Oregon requirement difficult to trust. Even ‘acting on one’s own volition’ is still not good because many patients may act quickly without enough information of existing medical care, thinking that their fate is just death. So why wont we restrict the ‘person’s autonomy’ till the person is fully informed? Thinking this way will definitely call for not legalising euthanasia. John Stuart Mill gives an example of person who wants to cross a broken bridge, as he concludes he says that this person would not really continue to do that if he is fully informed about the dangers of going that way (Mill, 2005). The other concern that we have is that this practice will be in total contradiction with the present physicians’ role as healer. It is a stipulation that physicians should always do their best to save lives and not destroy them at all. The physicians’ role should be limited to saving lives as it has been over time. Legalizing euthanasia means that the physicians’ role is broadened to the point of the patients’ advocate in the maters concerning their own health and ways they want it to be handled. This will arouse the craving of patients to commit suicide and allow many cases that would otherwise be alleviated, to run to the worst. Still on the issue of rights, every one has a right that is inherent in nature and anyone should not interfere with the individual’s rights. People should therefore exercise their own rights without interfering with others’ and no one should interfere with the autonomy of this individual. As we say that rights are inherent in an individual, we are saying that these person posses this rights because of the life that he has. Without this life, the rights he claims to have are null and void. This takes us to the point that no one should interfere with the life because it is the carrier of this same rights. Mill states that, â€Å"But by selling himself for a slave, he abdicates his liberty; he forgoes any future use of it, beyond that single act† (Mill, 2005, pp 67). He continues to say, â€Å"He therefore defeats, in his own case, the very purpose which is the justification of allowing him to dispose of himself† (Mill, 2005, pp 67). In our case the person who decides to die no longer has the autonomy that we advocate to give in allowing them to die. The person defeats his own reason for wanting to die. Mill continues to say, â€Å"He is no longer free; but is thenceforth in a position which has no longer the presumption in its favor, that would be afforded by his voluntarily remaining in it† (Mill, 2005, pp 67). He concludes on this matter that, â€Å"The principle of freedom cannot require that he should be free not to be free, it is not freedom, to be allowed to alienate his freedom† (Mill, p 67). If we have to protect the autonomy of individuals then we should protect their lives too. We can still work without euthanasia because many of our physicians have worked hard and are still working hard to come up will the best palliative care for the terminally ill people. Under good circumstances of proper palliative care, this practice will be unnecessary. This care can conserve the dignity of terminally ill people till they die. It is therefore our responsibility to give them this care rather than to help them kill themselves, which is not dignified at all (Chochinov, 2002). Though, the numbers of people supporting euthanasia is growing with time, everyone should think about the above-discussed concerns. This will help each one of us know that we are capable of giving good care to terminally ill patients without letting them die suicidal deaths. We can think it right that allowing them to die is actually denying them their autonomy, and hence the inherent rights. We should always strive to give perfect care than to kill.

Mass Production :: Economics

Mass Production Mass production is the manufacture of products of uniform quality in large quantities using a standardised mechanical process or assembly line. After a short post-war depression, the American economy grew rapidly in the early 1920s. By 1926, the standard of living in the USA was the highest it had ever been in the country's history and America was officially the richest nation in the world. Natural resources such as oil were abundant and this gave the USA an advantage that no other country enjoyed at that level. This profusion of natural resources led to a large-scale industrial development. New techniques meant that goods could be produced much more cheaply on a large scale which led to the production of masses of cheap goods which could be afforded by thousands of normal Americans. Mass production was pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913. He could not manufacture cars fast enough to keep up with demand and so he introduced the concept of an assembly line. As a result, one Model T could be produced every three minutes. Components were added as the car moved along and each worker did one specific job. By 1920, a car was produced every ten seconds and Ford realised that if cars could be produced more cheaply, more people would be able to buy them and as demand rose and the company sold more cars, he could make them even cheaper. Between 1908 and 1925, over 15 million Model T's were made and by the mid 1920s, one out of every two cars sold was a Model T. The cost of cars fell from $1200 to  £295 by 1928 which meant that even normal people could afford them. Henry Ford's mass-production techniques were taken up by other industries in America and the USA quickly became the most efficient producer in the world. The falling cost of each input offset the smaller profit margin because demand was stimulated. Employment prospects also improved with many people moving to live in the industrial cities and American industries saw huge profits and expanded enormously. However, mass production also meant that as the rich got richer, the poor got poorer. Mass production changed the fabric of American society forever. Social freedom was achieved and mass production bought an immense sense of liberty to the rural areas. Making cars affordable changed the face of America and it resulted in large scale urbanisation and the development of suburbs. It encouraged the building of roads, and the growing popularity of owning your own car made it easier to move around so people did not have to be within walking distance to work. The car contributed to the industrial boom of the 1920s by stimulating Mass Production :: Economics Mass Production Mass production is the manufacture of products of uniform quality in large quantities using a standardised mechanical process or assembly line. After a short post-war depression, the American economy grew rapidly in the early 1920s. By 1926, the standard of living in the USA was the highest it had ever been in the country's history and America was officially the richest nation in the world. Natural resources such as oil were abundant and this gave the USA an advantage that no other country enjoyed at that level. This profusion of natural resources led to a large-scale industrial development. New techniques meant that goods could be produced much more cheaply on a large scale which led to the production of masses of cheap goods which could be afforded by thousands of normal Americans. Mass production was pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913. He could not manufacture cars fast enough to keep up with demand and so he introduced the concept of an assembly line. As a result, one Model T could be produced every three minutes. Components were added as the car moved along and each worker did one specific job. By 1920, a car was produced every ten seconds and Ford realised that if cars could be produced more cheaply, more people would be able to buy them and as demand rose and the company sold more cars, he could make them even cheaper. Between 1908 and 1925, over 15 million Model T's were made and by the mid 1920s, one out of every two cars sold was a Model T. The cost of cars fell from $1200 to  £295 by 1928 which meant that even normal people could afford them. Henry Ford's mass-production techniques were taken up by other industries in America and the USA quickly became the most efficient producer in the world. The falling cost of each input offset the smaller profit margin because demand was stimulated. Employment prospects also improved with many people moving to live in the industrial cities and American industries saw huge profits and expanded enormously. However, mass production also meant that as the rich got richer, the poor got poorer. Mass production changed the fabric of American society forever. Social freedom was achieved and mass production bought an immense sense of liberty to the rural areas. Making cars affordable changed the face of America and it resulted in large scale urbanisation and the development of suburbs. It encouraged the building of roads, and the growing popularity of owning your own car made it easier to move around so people did not have to be within walking distance to work. The car contributed to the industrial boom of the 1920s by stimulating

Ethical Issues Affecting Each Component of the Marketing Mix Essay

Ethical Issues Affecting Each Component of the Marketing Mix Ethical issues in businesses among other related issues like conflicts or success revolves around relationships. In today’s business world, it has become inevitable to built strong and effectives between all the key players in businesses. Key player in this case include shareholders, investors, customers, suppliers and managers who are responsible for the development of strategies aimed at attaining success (Carroll et al 403). The board of directors in every business has the mandate of giving direction and oversight making sure that the business does not stray from its course and remains relevant in achieving its objectives in a socially acceptable, legally acceptable and ethical manner. In many instances of unethical business conduct, there exists a certain degree of compliancy and knowing corporation which acts to perpetuate the acceptance of such conduct. Importantly, most ethical issues come into existence due t o conflicts in belief patterns and value conflicts regarding what is wrong or what is right. This occurs because ethical standards are a derivative of deeply-rooted personal believes and societal morals which may not be universally agreed upon. Ethical issues exist in all functional areas of the businesses including; finance, accounting, production, marketing, operations and even management. They involve practices like product safety, human resource management, plant safety, business practices and environmental problems among others (Carroll et al 412). The elements of the marketing mix are important aspects of the business which can be evaluated in the light of ethical issues. Marketing mix encompasses all the major areas of decision making affecting the marketing process and when carefully blended, desirable results for the organization are obtained. Marketing mix is important for all businesses as it shapes the function of marketing in both non-profit making and profit making organizations. As marketing managers make decisions about the overall process of marketing, they have to consider the specific elements of the marketing mix which include price, promotion, product and place and in other instances they are even supposed to consider the sub-elements in each element in order to satisfy the wants and needs of the customers. Marketing mix holds a special place in businesses in that it is the hub identifying the best and suitable marketing strategy. Its purpose is balancing all the elements in order to come up with an ideal mix of all the controllable  variables. As the markets demands change, the marketing mix also has to be changed in a manner which allows alignment with the goals and objectives of the organization. The external environment therefore plays a critical role in necessitating alterations and other changes in the marketing mix. One of the most fluctuating variables of the external environment is the customer; whose preferences and tastes change swiftly among other factors like brand loyalty (Stone 51). Given the importance of the marketing mix and the fact that all important aspects of the business revolves around it, it becomes a rather sensitive area in ensuring that regardless of the ambitions of the business, the management does not go overboard to affect its relationships with the oth er stakeholders who have any form of interest in the business (Tittle 12). Ethical issues usually arise when some of these relationships are affected or the moral fiber as defined by law or the society in which this business exists is coarsened. This means that the business has a responsibility of providing the society with good made adhering to all ethical issues and also of high quality. In looking closely at all the elements of the marketing mix and how ethical issues can affect them, it is important to point out that the essence of the businesses is not only to maximize profits but also to take care of consumers of the products, the employees and the environment. The product, which is one of the elements of the marketing mix, is a sensitive component with regard to ethical issues (Swarbrooke and Horner 30). The whole product life cycle is vulnerable to ethical issue right from the development to its elimination. Ethical issues may arise from product packaging. Since businesses survival depends on attracting and retaining customers, some businesses use p ackages which do not actually represent what they are offering. This may be in terms of underweight packaging or the use of colorful packages which do not really depict what’s inside. Ethical issues may also arise from the product testing especially for products like medication which must have many guidelines. Testing products on people is unethical and is prohibited by most societies. Cases of selling of banned goods are also many and this also involves the crossing of many ethical lines. It is highly recommended to ensure that all products entering the market are safe. Although â€Å"safe† in this case is subject to diverse interpretation, it is recommended that businesses disclose all the known harmful effect of product. This also touches on the  sensitive issue of genetically modified products which must be clearly labeled to warn the buyers. A very good example of ethical issues arising from particular products was coke’s crisis of 1999 to 2001. In this case, ethical dimensions were explored when people fell ill after consuming this soft drink. Much controversy also surrounded this case because school children fell ill after consuming this drink as the company had signed school contracts as a means of promoting the drink among the school children. The company took responsibility and recalled over 5 million cans under recommendation from the Belgium Ministry of Health. This ethical issues also touches on possible ethical issues which might arise in promotion as another factor in marketing mix. Pricing, which is one of the most regulated areas in marketing, has many possible unethical practices which might even not include illegality. There is price discrimination; transfer pricing, legal prohibitions, predatory pricing, and government price-fixing among other factors which might draw attention of ethical issues as far as ethical issues are concerned. There should be valid reasons governing the increase of prices of products to avoid taking advantage of the customer. The subjective and emotional nature of pricing avails many avenues of misunderstanding between the buyer and seller which might cause ethical problems. Common issues of this nature involve failure to disclose the actual price of the product and price fixing. Other acts pertaining pricing include dumping which is the selling of goods at a loss with the aim of increasing market share but do away with competitors and bid rigging. A case which was well explored was that of Ryanair which is an airline company. This company was faced by much controversy due to their pricing and advertising. Bodies like Advertising Standards Authority claimed that this airline company did not advertise the actual prices it was charging. Further criticism was raised because of the fact that, they were charging very low prices with the intent of spoiling the market opportunities for other players and resulted to great losses in the 2008/2009 financial year even for British airways. Although many of these companies claimed that it was due to increased fuel prices, Ryanair was the root cause because it did not hike the prices accordingly. Promotion employs different strategies like mass selling, personal selling and sales promotion to ensure the target market is informed of the existence of this product and the benefits if  using such product (Fraedrich et al 24). Since it involves modes of persuasive communication and the fact that it involves visibility advertising, it is frequently criticized part in marketing. One true fact about advertising is the fact that the earliest use of advertising was based on genuine reasons and practices which had no ethical issues. Currently however, many issues are coming up which has forced governments and other bodies to introduce regulations to avoid misleading of customers. The content in the promotions must meet high standards of advertisement maintaining truth and honesty. Honesty issues were well explored in the early 1950s when the advertisement of tobacco came under much criticism as it was being alleged in advertisements that is promotes health (Carroll et al 5). This of c ourse was found to be untrue and laws were set regarding false advertising. This is a very good example of unethical conduct which arose due to promotion and attracted a lot of attention from the press and government. It therefore became paramount that all the promoters tell the truth about their products to avoid offence against morality and also the law. Advertisements especially those which will be seen by children must not contain aspects of sex, violence or profanity as they might cross many ethical lines. Still in promotion, it is considered ethically inappropriate and illegal to promote products through negative advertising strategies such as attack advertising. Adverts should not directly attack the disadvantages of the competitor’s goods but should focus on advantages of their own. With advent of the internet, other forms of advertisement have also emerged some of which are considered unethical in nature. These include spam advertisements among other pop up windows which are unsolicited. Direct mail may also infringe on personal rights and therefore cross some ethical lines. The last element of the market mix to be considered is place. Place in this case covers many aspects leading to availing the product to the target market (Shimizu 13). Any product or service is of no value to the customer if it is not available at the right time and place. Ethical issues in the place element arise due to conflicts in the intermediaries of the distribution channel. The relationships in the channel of distribution cause much ethics related issues and these are brought mainly by power imbalance in these relationships. Ethical issues may come in as a result of listing fees which may be hiked and provide a discrepancy between the operations of  large suppliers and small suppliers. Corruption also comes in as a relevant ethical issue which can come in to the supply chain. Violation of the workers’ rights and the use of child labor and other practices like production in sweat shops or ignoring the safety, health or environmental standards can present an ethical problem in the element of place. Sweatshops have been a subject to much controversy in global business ethics. Examples of large corporations which have been implicated in this issue include Reebok, Gap and Nike. Wal-Mart’s case however has been much publicized where employees have been overworked or forced to work for extra hours without pay. Although Wal-Mart has been constantly denying this, there is mounting evidence especially from cases filed in 2005 which suggest that according to the company policy overtime should not be paid. The 1996 Wal-Mart Lee collection was also publicized when it was found that, many of these clothes were made in Honduras in sweatshops with worker laboring for up to 20 hours per day. Discrepancies in pricing of the same item from one place to another are also other forms of unethical acts arising in the element of place. At such a time when there is heightened capitalization of the economy, ethical issues have become critical and the consumer can no longer be ignored. All decisions regarding marketing planning must therefore uphold high ethical standards. Unethical corporate have the capability of inflicting much suffering to investors, employees and consumers. Works Cited Carroll, Archie, and Buchholtz, Ann. Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management. Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2008. Fraedrich, John, Ferrell O. C., Linda Ferrell. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2009 Shimizu, Koichi. Advertising Theory and Strategies.16th ed, Souseisha Book Company: 2009. Stone, Phil. Make marketing work for you: boost your profits with proven marketing techniques. Small business. Oxford: How to Books Ltd, 2001. Swarbrooke, John, and Horner, Susan. Consumer behavior in tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 Tittle, Peg. Ethical issues in business: inquiries, cases, and readings. New York: Broadview Press, 2000.

Cutting Down on Your Computer Time

Nowadays the teenagers spend most of their time on the computer. The internet can be used for relaxation, entertainment and information. Google is a very well-known site that people went to search for further knowledge. However, too much computer may lead to health problems such as backache and eye strain. Studies show that young people who spend too much time in front of computer may have social problems, less family interaction and fewer friends. Besides, they also lack of exercise and most importantly their study time has reduced. To stop wasting time on computer and start organizing time for your studies just follow these simple steps to cut down on your computer time. Firstly, keep a record of how much time u spend on your computer and see how much time u have wasted on your computer. Next, do not use the computer just because you are jobless. Find something else to do such as reading a book. Engaging with a good novel or non-fiction work is a great way to distract yourself from the day's tasks, refresh your batteries, and inspire new ideas. Then, prepare a timetable which reduces the time on your computer but more time for recreation and study. Last but not least, spend more time studying, recreation or interacting with your family. In time to come, your study time has organized and you have your new hobbies. You even have more time with your family and friends. Furthermore, u can even stay healthy and alert. Be a smart user, time is gold, do not let it waste all your time.

Parables Of The Bible Essays - Gospel Of John, Apocalypticists

Parables Of The Bible Essays - Gospel Of John, Apocalypticists Parables Of The Bible PARABLES OF THE BIBLE : Lazarus, come forth! When God wrote the Bible He wrote to us from His point of view. However, when we read things, we have a tendency to look at what we read through rose colored glasses. If we take off those glasses and look at things through God's eyes instead, we may see things we really don't like about ourselves. We are corpses, that's what God Himself call us in Eph 2:5, 5:14, and Col 2:13. These are some of the many verses that address our spiritual estate before salvation. God demands we look at the whole Bible in this light and when we do, He then shows us more. Lazarus in Jn 11:1-44 is God's spiritual explanation, a parable, of you and me before salvation and then God's salvation comes. He was dead, he stunk, how much more descriptive does God have to make it, he was a rotting corpse! He could not see, he could not hear, he could not walk, nor think nor speak, nor move on his own, yet Jesus calls him by name and he simply comes forth as he was commanded to do. God then describes a little bit more about Lazarus' death. He was bound with grave clothes. In the literal account of the raising of Lazarus, this is what he was buried in. But it's the spiritual account that teaches us what God sees. Take off those rose colored glasses and look at the account as God wants us to see it, not as we prefer, seeing only a physical miracle performed by God and not looking at the miracle of salvation that this parable teaches us. He didn't have on Christ's robe of righteousness, he wore his own sinful estate (Zec 3:3-5). Once we are saved, God gives us a change of clothes/heart (Eze 36:26) and we now wear Christ's robe of righteousness (Isa 61:10) not our old filthy clothes/sins (Zec 3:4). Loose him. Same word loose used in Mt 16:19; 18:18. He was now freed from the bondage of Satan Lu 13:16. The people were more concerned about his physical death, Jesus spoke about his spiritual death and rebirth in this chapter. He literally raised the dead but it pointed to the spiritual. Not to be funny but Jesus didn't say, Lazarus, open one eye and listen to what I'm offering you. The parable here is one of complete death, no life within at all. Therefore no response. The wicked cannot change on their own Jer 13:23. God choose Lazarus' physical death to show us what He sees inside us when He looks. The point is very straightforward, complete death, no life at all. If you are unsaved, God is telling you that there is not hing you can do on your own to save yourself nor help with your salvation, while unsaved, you don't even know you are as a dead man. God must do everything, including choosing you for salvation. The Gospel call goes out to all mankind, repent. Yet God knows full well that no one will, therefore He did all the work involved with our salvation. This is very fair, no one will be able to say, you never called me to repentance, He did but they would not repent. Ps 19:1-3 all mankind knows, Rom 2:14, 15 all of us know, it is written in our hearts, but our hearts are now wicked, Jer 17:9. No one will have an excuse on Judgment Day. God calls us to Himself. He has already determined who is saved and only those are made alive, they get called and like Lazarus cannot resist, we have no say in our salvation. Looking again at Lazarus, we should now see ourself in his place, we too are dead. What can you do to respond to God when He calls? Nothing. If, as God tells us in Rom 3:11, no one seeks God, we certainly cannot come to Him to start with. (The use of the number 4 in the Lazarus parable; 4 days; points to the universality of the situation, north, east, south, west. Rev 5:9, kindred, tongue, people, nation. Psalm 107:2, God calls His redeemed from all lands,

William Rehnquist, Supreme Court Chief Justice

William Rehnquist, Supreme Court Chief Justice President Richard M. Nixon appointed William Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971. Fifteen years later President Ronald Reagan named him as the court’s Chief Justice, a position that he held until his death in 2005. During the last eleven years of his term on the Court, there was not a single change in the roster of nine justices. Early Life and Career Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on October 1, 1924, his parents named him William Donald. He would later change his middle name to Hubbs, a family name after a numerologist informed Rehnquist’s mother that he would be more successful with the middle initial of H.   Rehnquist attended Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio for one quarter before joining the U.S. Air Force during World War II. Although he served from 1943 to 1946, Rehnquist did not see any combat. He was assigned to a meteorology program and was stationed for a time in North Africa as a weather observer. After being discharged from the Air Force, Rehnquist attended Stanford University where he received both a bachelors and a masters degree in political science. Rehnquist then went to Harvard University where he received a masters in government before attending Stanford Law School where he graduated first in his class in 1952 while Sandra Day OConnor graduated third in that same class. Upon graduation from law school, Rehnquist spent a year working for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson as one of his law clerks.   As a law clerk, Rehnquist authored a very controversial memo defending the Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Plessy was opinion as a landmark case that was decided in 1896 and upheld the constitutionality of laws passed by states that required racial segregation in public facilities under the separate but equal doctrine. This memo advised Justice Jackson to uphold Plessy in deciding Brown v. Board of Education in which a unanimous court ended up overturning Plessy.   From Private Practice to the Supreme Court Rehnquist spent 1953 to 1968 working in private practice in Phoenix before returning to Washington, D.C. in 1968 where he worked as an assistant attorney general for the Office of Legal Counsel until President Nixon appointed him as an associate Supreme Court justice. While Nixon was impressed with Rehnquist’ support for debatable procedures such as pretrial detention and wiretapping, but civil rights leaders, as well as some Senators, were not impressed due to the Plessy memo that Rehnquist had written some nineteen years earlier. During confirmation hearings, Rehnquist was grilled about the memo to which he responded that the memo accurately reflected Justice Jacksons views at the time it was written and was not pensive of his own views. Although some believed him to be a right-wing fanatic, Rehnquist was easily confirmed by the Senate. Rehnquist quickly showed the conservative nature of his views when joined Justice Byron White as being the only two who dissented from the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision. In addition, Rehnquist also voted against school desegregation. He voted in favor of school prayer, capital punishment, and states rights. Upon Chief Justice Warren Burger retirement in 1986, the Senate confirmed his appointment to replace Burger by a 65 to 33 vote. President Reagan nominated Antonin Scalia to fill vacant associate justice seat. By 1989, President Reagan’s appointments had created a new right majority which allowed the Rehnquist-led Court to release a number of conservative rulings on issues like capital punishment, affirmative action, and abortion. Also, Rehnquist led wrote the 1995 opinion in the United States v. Lopez case, in which 5 to 4 majority struck down as unconstitutional a federal act which made it illegal to carry a gun in a school zone. Rehnquist served as the presiding judge in President Bill Clinton’s impeachment trial. Further, Rehnquist supported the Supreme Court decision, Bush v. Gore, which ended attempts to recount Florida votes in the 2000 presidential election.  On the other hand, although the Rehnquist Court had the opportunity, it declined to overrule the libera l decisions of Roe v. Wade and Miranda v. Arizona.

Public safety - mandatory vaccinations on school chilldren (also need Research Paper

Public safety - mandatory vaccinations on school chilldren (also need outline)- - Research Paper Example doza-Vaca representing their minor children presented an Amended Complaint challenging vaccination practice in New York on both the state and the federal law grounds. The plaintiffs claim that they have sincere religious beliefs, which are contrary to immunization practice. In one of their Amendment cause of Action, the three plaintiffs claimed that their religious rights were being violated when the school excluded their children from the school institution because of their religious beliefs thus running counter to the immunization practice. The three plaintiffs argued that the school arbitrarily and unconstitutionally denied their children the right to exercise their religious freedom that was based on the vaccination practice (Phillips v. City of New York. (2014). In this case, the court consolidated the actions of the three plaintiffs. For various reasons, the courts granted the New York City Departments of education and Defendants City of New York motion and dismissed the three plaintiffs on the Amended Protest in its entirety. In reference to Philips vs. New York, number 14-2156-cv, Lynch, Chin and Korman who were the judges upheld the decision of Judge William Kuntz on finding the law passed on constitutional muster. In reviewing the case to terminate pursuant to rule, the judges were supposed to accept the realistic allegations that were set forth by the plaintiffs as true. The children of the three plaintiffs were therefore granted religious exemptions in reference to the mandatory vaccinations. However, despite their religious exemptions, the three plaintiffs still complained of their children’s exclusion from school on every occasion where their children’s schoolmate reported a vaccine preventable disease case. Vaccination against life-threatening diseases remains one of the greatest achievements in health in the United States history. Generally, millions of premature death cases have been prevented while countless children have been rescued from

Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Analysis - Assignment Example x) ≠¥ 0 over an interval a≠¤ x ≠¤b, we examine the area of this region that is said to be included in the graph of f(x) and over the interval [a, b] found on the x-axis. The area found under the region marked x = 0 and x = 1 is called the â€Å"area found under a curve†. This is an aspect that makes it related to an integral. An integral refers to associated notion of the ant derivative, a function X whose derivative is x, which is the given function. The use of integrals is a vital part in calculus and was well explained that integral includes rectangles having infinite sums and with infinitesimal width. Riemann stated that this integral basis itself on limiting procedures that appropriates a curvilinear region by approximating its area as it breaks them to thin vertical blocks (Rana, 2002). As explained by the Riemann integration, it is evident that x is a set bound by finite points sets. According to the Riemann integration theorem, the function h is defined as the indicator functions, which are equal to the figures that are on the opposite sides. This integration explains that you can use continuous functions to find and substitute the figures inside. The characteristics function definition has a formula, which gives us the opportunity to compute the value of h if we realize the distribution function Z (Taylor, 2006). Exercise 4.13 you have studied over the last few years how calculus is made rigorous with definitions (of continuity, derivative, integral, convergence, etc) and theorems. Is this necessary and/or important? Why, or why not? The use of differentiation is an aspect that is fundamental in calculus. This is based on the functions used as they are continuous. These formulas help in the derivation of the rules of Leibniz integral. The use of functions, numbers, limits, and integration is a vital aspect also in the calculations of calculus (Pfeffer, 2001). KURTZ, D. S., & SWARTZ, C. (2004). Theories of integration the integrals of Riemann,

Jornal assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jornal assignment - Essay Example On the other hand, young people have their whole lives ahead of them, so they have all the more reason to vote. Another reason why young people don’t get out and vote as much is because they do not consider it a priority in their lives. Young people aged between 18 and 29 generally have other activities that keep them preoccupied, such as studying, working, or partying. For these first two activities, young people could actually improve their prospects of getting a job or receiving a scholarship to go to university simply by voting for politicians who support education and creating jobs. For the issue of partying, there is not much to do that could change young people’s attitudes because of the particular stage where they are at in their lives. Furthermore, young people may not vote because they constantly move from state to state and so are not registered to vote where they currently reside. Young people often experience great upheaval as part of their lives, and this may mean moving from state to state to try and find a suitable job. Changing over voter registration to another state may seem complicated and too time consuming, and so young people just choose not to update their details. Also, if young people are out of state, then they may not want to send in a ballot beforehand because it involves a lot of extra effort. The key to getting young people to the ballot box is by making things as simple as possible for them. The first way to encourage young people to vote is by providing education about the voting system and what their votes mean to the well-being of the country as a whole. Young people are at a stage in their lives where they are articulate, and so they can understand a reasonable argument that is presented to them in an easy to understand manner. Another way to get younger people to vote is by presenting campaigns to them through a medium that they are already comfortable with. This of course refers to social media such as Facebook

Silver-graphene Oxide Composite for Optical Sensor

Silver-graphene Oxide Composite for Optical Sensor KHOSRO ZANGENEH KAMALI ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM ABSTRACT In this work, a [emailprotected] oxide ([emailprotected]) nanocomposite-based optical sensor was developed for the detection of biomolecules such as dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), and uric acid (UA). An aqueous solution of [emailprotected] was prepared using a simple chemical reduction method, and it showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 402 nm. The SPR features of the [emailprotected] nanocomposite were used for the detection of DA, AA, and UA. The SPR intensity-based limits of detection (LoDs) of DA, AA, and UA were 49 nM, 634 nM, and 927 nM, respectively. The SPR band position-based LoDs of DA, AA, and UA were 30 nM, 1.64 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­M, and 2.15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­M, respectively. The present optical sensor was more sensitive to DA than to UA and AA. The interactions of the biomolecules with [emailprotected] were studied based on the density functional theory (DFT), and it was found that DA had more interaction than AA and UA. This novel [emailprotected] nan ocomposite is simple to prepare and showed excellent stability and sensitivity toward the detection of biomolecules. The similar material is used for colorimetric detection of Mercury(II) ions (Hg(II)) that is able to show existence of 100  µM Hg(II) ions in solution by naked eyes. The development of this optical sensor for Hg(II) using silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is based on the decrement in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption of the Ag NPs and the formation of silver-mercury (AgHg) amalgam. It is observed that increasing Hg(II) ions concentration in the solution results in the decrease of LSPR intensity and decolouration of the solution. The existence of GO prevents the agglomeration of Ag NPs and enhances the stability of the nanocomposite material, enabling this material to be used in industrial and real sample applications. ABSTRAK Di sini, oksida perak @ graphene (Ag @ GO) berdasarkan nanokomposit-sensor optik telah dibangunkan untuk mengesan biomolekul seperti dopamine (DA), asid askorbik (AA), dan asid urik (UA). Larutan akueus Ag @ GO telah disediakan dengan menggunakan kaedah pengurangan kimia yang mudah, dan ia menunjukkan satu ciri plasmon permukaan resonans (SPR) band di 402 nm. Ciri-ciri SPR daripada Ag @ GO nanokomposit telah digunakan untuk mengesan DA, AA, dan UA. Had keamatan-pengesanan (LoDs) bagi SPR berdasarkan daripada DA, AA, dan UA adalah masing-masing 49 nM, 634 nM, dan 927 nM,. The band SPR berdasarkan kedudukan-LoDS daripada DA, AA, dan UA adalah masing- masing 30 nM, 1.64 uM, dan 2.15 uM. Sensor optik masa kini adalah lebih sensitif kepada DA daripada UA dan AA. Interaksi daripada biomolekul dengan Ag @ GO dikaji berdasarkan ketumpatan teori fungsional (DFT), dan didapati bahawa DA mempunyai interaksi lebih daripada AA dan UA. Novel ini Ag @ GO nanokomposit adalah mudah untuk menyediakan dan menunjukkan kestabilan yang sangat baik dan kepekaan terhadap pengesanan biomolekul.Bahan yang sama telah digunakan untuk pengesanan colorimetric ion Mercury(II), (Hg(II)) yang mampu dilihat dengan kewujudan 100 ÃŽÂ ¼M ion Hg(II) dalam larutan dengan mata kasar. Pembangunan sensor optik bagi Hg(II) menggunakan nanozarah perak (Ag NPS) adalah berdasarkan pengurangan pada penyerapan Ag NPs resonan plasmon permukaan setempat (LSPR) dan pembentukan amalgam perak-merkuri (AgHg). Dapat diperhatikan bahawa peningkatan kepekatan ion Hg(II) memberikan hasil pengurangan pada intensiti LSPR dan perubahan warna. Peningkatan jumlah ion Hg(II) pada satu tahap membawa perubahan dalam morfologi Ag NPs dan pembentukan amalgam AgHg yang mempengaruhi LSPR Ag NPS dan menjadikan perubahan warna pada [emailprotected] Kehadiran GO menghalang penggumpalan Ag NPS dan meningkatkan kestabilan bahan nanokomposit yang membolehkan bahan ini untuk digunakan dalam industri dan aplikasi sampel sebenar. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / DEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents SILVER-GRAPHENE OXIDE COMPOSITE FOR OPTICAL SENSOR APPLICATIONS ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / DEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDICES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: LITRETURE REVIEW 2.1. Plasmonic band of metal Nanoparticles 2.2. Graphene Oxide 2.3. Sensor 2.3.1. Electrochemical sensor 2.3.2. Surface enhanced Raman scattering 2.3.3. Optical sensor 2.4.2 Amalgamation and LSPR CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Chemicals and Reagents 3.2. Preparation of [emailprotected] Nanocomposite 3.3. Characterization Techniques 3.4. Optical Detection of Biomolecules 3.5. Optical Detection of Hg(II) ions CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DESCUSSIONS 4.2. Optical Sensing of Biomolecules using [emailprotected] Nanocomposite 4.2.1. Morphological Studies of [emailprotected] after Addition of Biomolecules 4.2.2. Raman Studies of [emailprotected] Nanocomposite 4.2.3. Computational Studies 4.3. Optical sensing of Hg(II) ions 4.3.1. Optical properties of [emailprotected] nanocomposites 4.3.2. Optical sensing of Hg(II) ions by [emailprotected] nanocomposite 4.3.3. Mechanism for the Amalgamation based detection of Hg(II) ions with [emailprotected] nanocomposite 4.3.4. Characterization of [emailprotected] nanocomposite before and after addition of Hg(II) ions 4.3.5. Selectivity of [emailprotected] nanocomposite based optical sensor 4.3.6. Practical application CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND DISCISSION REFERENCES Supplementary Appendix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: UV-vis absorption spectra of (a) AgNO3 (b) GO, and (c) [emailprotected] nanocomposite. Inset: Photograph obtained for the aqueous solution of synthesized [emailprotected] nanocomposite. Figure 2: (A) Absorption spectra obtained for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 100 nM DA. (B) Plot of absorption intensity vs. DA concentration. (C) Plot of Id vs. DA concentration. (D) Plot of ÃŽ »max vs. DA concentration. Figure 3: (A) Absorption spectra obtained for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 5  µM AA. (B) Plot of absorption intensity vs. AA concentration. (C) Plot of Id vs. AA concentration. (D) Plot of ÃŽ »max vs. AA concentration. Figure 4: (A) Absorption spectra obtained for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 5  µM UA. (B) Plot of absorption intensity vs. UA concentration. (C) Plot of Id vs. UA concentration. (D) Plot of ÃŽ »max vs. UA concentration. Figure 5: TEM images of (A) as-prepared [emailprotected] nanocomposite and after additions of (B) AA, (C) UA, and (D) DA. Figure 6: Raman spectra of (a) [emailprotected] and (b) [emailprotected] with 1-à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­M additions of (b) DA, (c) UA, and (d) AA. Figure 7: Electron density map and energy gap of HOMO and LUMO energy levels for Ag and DA, UA, and AA adducts, respectively calculated by DFT methods. Figure 8: Absorption spectra for the (a) AgNO3, (b) GO and [emailprotected] nanocomposite. Figure 9: Absorption spectral changes observed for the [emailprotected] nanocomposite (A) before and (B) after the addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions. Inset: The digital photographic images taken for the corresponding solution. Figure 10: (A) Absorption spectral changes observed for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 100 nm ÃŽ ¼M of Hg(II) ions to the solution. (B) Plot of changes in the absorption intensity maximum at ÃŽ »LSPR of [emailprotected] nanocomposite against various Hg(II) ions concentr Figure 11: (A) Schematic explain the function of GO in the detection Hg(II) ions. (a) Addition of Hg(II) ions into a solution containing [emailprotected] nanocomposite. (b) Adsorption of Hg(II) ions on the surface of GO. (c) Interaction of Hg(II) ions with Ag NPs and formation of AgHg amalgam. (B) Schematic representation for the formation of AgHg amalgam and its influence in absorption spectra of the Ag NPs present in the [emailprotected] nanoparticles. Figure 12: Overview and high magnification TEM images obtained for the [emailprotected] nanocomposite before (A andB) and after addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions (C and D). Figure 13: X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the [emailprotected] nanocomposite (a) before and (b) after addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions. Figure 14: XPS spectra obtained for the AgHg amalgam particles and their corresponding (A) Ag 3d and (B) Hg 4f regions of core-level spectra. Figure 15: Cyclic voltammograms recorded in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 at a scan rate of 50 mV s−1 for the GC electrode coated with the solution containing [emailprotected] nanocomposite (A) before and (B) after addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions. Figure 16: Difference in percentage of Ag NPs absorbance peak reduction observed for [emailprotected] nanocomposite in the presence of 200  µM Hg(II), Na(I), K(I), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) into the individual solutions. Inset: Photograph taken after the addition of 200  µM of Hg(II) ), Na(I), K(I), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) into the individual solution. LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Analytical performances of [emailprotected] nanocomposite for the detection of DA, UA and AA in human urine sample. Table 2: Comparison of the sensing performance of some of the Ag NPs towards Hg(II) ions. Table 3: Determination of Hg(II) ions in different water samples by using [emailprotected] nanocomposite. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS DAdopamine UAuric acid AAascorbic acid LoD limit of Detection LSPRlocalized surface plasmon resonance SPRsurface plasmon resonance SERSsurface enhanced resonance plasmon scattering mmili  µmicro nnano Mmolar HPLChigh-performance liquid chromatography NPsnanoparticles Hg(II) ionmercury (II) ion GOgraphene oxide rGOreduced graphene oxide GCEglassy carbon electrode eVelectron volt DFTdensity functional theory HRTEMhigh resolution transmission electron microscope XRDX-ray diffraction XPSX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy FESEMfield emission scanning electron microscope a.u.arbitrary unit LIST OF APPENDICES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION For several decades, silver (Ag) nanoparticles have been attracting attention because of their excellent optical and electronic properties, high catalytic activity, and biocompatibility. Hence, they are used in a wide range of applications such as catalysis 1, solar cells 2,3, and optical 4 and electrochemical sensors 5. Ag nanoparticles possess a sharp absorption in the visible region (400–500 nm), depending on the size of the nanoparticles. This absorption feature arises from the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is the absorption of light by the nanoparticles because of surface vibrations between atoms 6–8. This SPR feature allows Ag nanoparticles to be used in optical sensors for the detection of toxic metals 9, biomolecules 10, and organic compounds 11. The addition of any analyte to the Ag nanoparticles leads to assembled/aggregated nanoparticles. This influences the SPR absorption band and is extensively used to follow the molecular recognition processes. Dopamine (DA) is an important catecholamine that belongs to the family of excitatory chemical neurotransmitters. It plays an essential role in the functioning of the drug addiction, cardiovascular, renal, central nervous, and hormonal systems, and in Parkinson’s disease 12. Thus, it is very important to develop a simple sensor for the detection of a sub-micro-molar concentration of DA. In recent years, the detection of biomolecules such as uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA) in human fluids such as urine and serum has gained considerable attention 13. A deficiency or excess amount of UA in the body causes several diseases, including Lesch/Nyhan syndrome, hyperuricaemia, and gout 14. Cardiovascular disease and kidney damage result from an elevated UA concentration in serum 15. Analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 16, spectrofluorimetry 17, spectrophotometry 18, mass spectrometry 19, and electrochemical sensors 20 have been reported for the detection of these neurotransmitter molecules. However, the existing detection methods have several limitations such as the need for expensive equipment, well-trained operators, and tedious sampling and time-consuming procedures. Alternatively, an optical sensor platform is more attractive for sensing a wide range of analytes. It is cost effective, portable, has a rapid response, and can provide real-time analyses. Recently, Ramaraj and his coworker reported a silicate-Ag nanoparticle-based optical sensor for the detection of DA, UA, and AA with LODs of 5, 5, and 1 nM, respectively 9 (Figure 1). Most commonly, Ag nanoparticles are synthesized using various chemical and physical methods, which are not eco-friendly and suffer from problems that include the poor reproducibility and stability of the Ag nanoparticles due to colloidal aggregation 21. In order to overcome such limitations, considerable efforts have been made to prepare Ag nanoparticles on polymer 22, silicate sol-gel 11, and graphene nanosheets 23. Among these, Ag-graphene has a large surface area and strong van der Waals force between the graphene and Ag nanoparticles, which significantly reduces nanoparticle aggregation. In addition, the high interfacial interactions ensure the stability of the Ag nanoparticles 24. In this study, graphene oxide-supported Ag nanoparticles were prepared using a simple chemical reduction method and used in an optical sensor for the detection of biomolecules such as DA, AA, and UA (Figure 2). The present synthetic method for the for preparation of [emailprotected] nanocomposite has a dvantages over other methods 11, 21-24 such as, long term stability, high homogeneity, rapid and ease of preparation and avoids any surfactant, stabilizers. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) attracted much attention due to its biocompatibility, high catalytic activity, anti-bacterial activity, electronic and optical properties 25–28. The Ag NPs possess a principal absorption band in the region of 400 nm due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)29,30. This SPR feature of Ag NPs is aroused due to the collective oscillation of electrons on the surface of the Ag NPs that are excited by incident electromagnetic waves 31. The SPR band position and intensity mainly depend on the size, shape and refractive index 32. This SPR band of Ag NPs is more sensitive to the surrounding environment and it significantly influences the band position and intensity. Based on the changes in the LSPR band position and intensity, an optical sensor platform with Ag NPs was developed to detect the wide range of analytes, including biomolecules 33, nitroaromatics 34, phenolic compounds 35, and heavy metal ions 36. Among the investigated analytes, heavy metal ions especially Hg(II) ions are more often monitored with Ag NPs through the optical sensing method owing to its high toxicity and solubility in water37. Mercuric (Hg(II)) ions are mainly released into the atmosphere from solid waste incineration, power plants, and bumping fossil fuels38 that pollute water, soil and air 39,40. The existence of Hg(II) ions in water causes serious damage to the brain, nervous system, kidneys and endocrine system of living organisms41. Developing a system for detecting Hg(II) with high sensitivity and selectivity against other common metal ions dissolved in water is a challenge in recent years 42–47. From an environmental point of view the development of an inexpensive, simple, selective and sensitive method of detection of Hg(II) becomes highly important. There are many types of sensors invented to detect Hg(II) in the environment. Some studies reported the detection of Hg(II) ions using electrochemical methods 48,49. Although they achieved a very high limit of detection (LoD), they need to use expensive apparatus and complicated setup. For the electrochemical testing of Hg(II) sample, the fabrication of an electrode is necessary, and that is a very tedious process. In addition, the detection of Hg(II) using fluorescence spectrometry has been widely investigated 50,51. Although this method is simple and is able to detect trace amounts of Hg(II) ions in solution, it requires expensive equipment to work. In this respect, colorimetric sensors are cheaper and do not require tedious preparation methods, colorimetric sensors have the advantage that the existence of Hg(II) is easily discernible to the naked eye without being affected by other possible dissolved ions 52–59. Recently, Hg(II) ion sensing was reported with noble metals su ch as Au and Ag by utilizing the size/interparticle distance-dependent optical properties and high extinction coefficients 60–62. The interaction between surfactants and metal NPs results in changes to the refractive index of these NPs and the LSPR band 32,33. They also may electrostatically repel the analyte, preventing it from interacting with the metal NPs and reduces the sensitivity of the sensor. In this study, the Ag NPs was prepared by using a simple chemical reduction agent and stabilized on graphene oxide (GO) sheets. Subsequently, the [emailprotected] nanocomposite was used to develop a colorimetric sensor for the detection of Hg(II) with the naked eye and an optical sensor also developed based on the LSPR changes upon the addition of various Hg(II) concentrations. This significant change in the LSPR of the Ag NPs is due to change in the morphology through the formation of AgHg amalgam. Selectivity in the detection of Hg(II) in the presence of various environmentall y relevant metal ions was also studied. CHAPTER 2: LITRETURE REVIEW 2.1. Plasmonic band of metal Nanoparticles Most probably gold nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized in the 5th or 4th century BC in China and Egypt regions 63. From that time, gold NPs have been used in both medicine and aesthetic aspects. As the result of the interesting optical properties of gold NPs, they were used for changing color of glass 64, pottery and ceramics 65. Faraday got interested about the optical properties of gold NPs and reported about the range of colors of gold nanoparticles colloidal solutions from ruby red to amethyst in 1857. Then he studied the factors influencing the color of gold NPs solutions and concluded that ‘‘the mere variation in the size of particles gave rise to a variety of resultant colors’’. Other than their optical properties, many applications of metal nanoparticles have been found in biochemistry, catalysis and sensors. For instance, one of the anti-odour commercialized devices in Japan is using the technology of immobilizing gold nanoparticles in oxide matrixes as active oxidation catalysts 66. In defenitions, nanoparticles are particles composed of number of atoms, ranging from 3 to 107 67. Nanoparticles feature properties are different from atoms or bulk material due to their size. The metallic nanoparticles larger than 2 nm possess a strong and broad absorption band in the UV-visible spectrum that is called surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. This absorbance has discovered by Gustav Mie and known as Mie resonance 67. For smaller nanoparticles, quantum effects become more prominent and LSPR disappears. All metal nanoparticles possess the mensioned optical property, but the series of Au, Ag and Cu have very intense LSPRs. Other than that, their easy synthesis methods and their robustness to environmental conditions made silver and gold NPs to widely be used in this field. The LSPR features such as position, shape and intensity are strongly depends on various factors, to mention: the changes in the interparticle distance of the NPs and , a nd the changes in the refractive index of the local surrounding environment 68. There are indeed other types of plasmonic signals, such as the surface plasmon resonance band produced by planar metallic films, in reflection or transmission, some of them being called plasmon polaritons. Though the resulting physics is extremely exciting and the recent discoveries numerous, it is out of the scope of present thesis and they will not discuss further. In recent years, many theories were adopted by both physicists and chemists in order to give a clear description of the SPR band and on the main factors impacting its position, broadness and intensity. Many works has done to overview the existing plasmon band theories 67, and explain the SPR band by Mie and effective medium theory 69. There are some researches to explain optical propertiese of NPs with arbitrary shape by Maxwell equation theory 6. The phenomenon on absorbance of certain wavelength of light observed in transmission of light through metal nanoparticles in solid or solution phase, is called localized surface plasmon resonance band (LSPR).Nanoparticles intract with incident light in certain frequency that result global scattering of it. This observation can be explained by the collective resonance of the conduction electrons of the nanoparticle, due to interaction of electrons in nanoparticles with light. The evaluation of all parameters of material, specially its dielectric constant is necessary for understanding and study this phenomena. Usually, dielectric constant of nanoparticles count same as its bulk form and confinement effects and defects induced by edges or impurities will be neglected. For this aim a study on electrostatics in bulk metal by using Maxwell equations is necessary. In formulating the dielectric constant with known parameters, the Drude model, which describes the motion of free electrons in a metal can be applied. Then the question of the nanoparticles will be addressed: the conditions for conducting electrons resonance will be determined by several means. The determination of the frequency of the absorption maximum (denoted , the frequency of the Mie resonance), the height of this maximum and the width of the peak will be the ultimate goal of the calculations. The different geometrical confinement effect of free electrons on each material caused the electronic motion for nanoparticles vary material by material. Indeed, here the nanoparticles can be seen as a cationic network in which a cloud of conducting electrons (or free electrons) moves and oscillates. Nanoparticles dimensions are very small compared to the wavelength of the UV-visible light for which the phenomenon is observed and also comparable to the mean free path of electrons. The surface plasmon band is known to the resonance of the electronic cloud with the incident wave and the mechanics of this phenomeno n can be evaluated. In the case of nanoparticles, the conditions that electron cloud can resonate needs to be calculated. For this aim, The dielectric constant of metal nanoparticles assumed to be the same as the bulk material. Some postulates then become incorrect, but in calculation we have to keep them as an approximation. For instance, the electron density in small particles (r = 0) is not uniform and the charge will accumulate in particle edges and surface. Other than that, since the size of nanoparticles is very small comparing to the wavelength of incident light, we can consider that all electrons in the nanoparticle face with the same field at the given time and the electric field is independent of position 67. This hypothesis is known as the quasi-static approximation. When the electric field incidents to the particle, it result the displacement of the electron cloud that leads to the creation of surface charges. The positive charge would be where the cloud is lacking and the negative charge would be where it is concentrated (Fig. 1). 67 The therm â€Å"surface† is justified by the electron cloud charge mentioned in previous statements. However, we have to kep in mind that all the electrons are moving together (collectively) under the influence of electromagnetic field. This collective oscillation leads to plasmon polaritons, 64 that is different with the free plasmon in the bulk metal.67 The term â€Å"plasmon† was given to the SPR phenomenon by Shopper, due to the bounded gaseous plasmon oscillations.67 The dipolar charge repartition imposes a new force on the electron cloud. The electrons undergo a restoring force which conflicts with the external electric field. Figure.‎0.1. Schematic description of electronic cloud displacements in nanoparticles under the effect of a electromagnetic wave. 2.2. Graphene Oxide Recently, chemically modified graphene (CMG) has been studied in the context of many applications, energy-related materials, such as polymer composites, ‘paper’-like materials, field-effect transistors (FET), sensors, and biomedical applications, due to its excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. 70–72 Chemical modification of graphene oxide, which is generated from graphite oxide, has been a promising route to achieve mass production of CMG platelets. Graphene oxide contains a range of reactive oxygen functional groups, which renders it a good candidate for use in the aforementioned applications (among others) through chemical functionalizations. Although graphene known a relative novel material of broad interest and potential,1,3 GO has a history that extends back many decades to some of the earliest studies involving the chemistry of graphite.4–6 The first, the British chemist B. C. Brodie was exploring the structure of graphite by investigating the reactivity of f